呼吸道細胞融合病毒 (RSV) 感染的族群不分年齡1

想了解更多 RSV 感染 風險1？ 向下滑動瀏覽相關資訊。

所有人都會感染 RSV 所有人都會感染 RSV
Style
anchor-buttons

why

解密RSV

為何 RSV 難以被發現？

RSV 是一種 RNA 病毒2

多數人在 2 歲前會感染 RSV，終生都可能再次感染9,10

高度傳染性3-5

高度傳染性3-5

高度傳染性3-5

  • RSV 透過和被感染者親密接觸，或是接觸受污染的表面傳染3
  • RSV 能長時間存活在受污染的表面上，包括：皮膚（30分鐘）、布料（2小時）、手套（5小時）和家具（7小時）5

季節性6-8

季節性6-8

季節性6-8

  • 台灣位於亞熱帶地區，RSV 病例全年可見6
  • 這個疾病仍有不可預測的成分：流行季節因地、因年而異，有時差到一個月8

急性呼吸道感染（ARI）的常見原因1,3,5

急性呼吸道感染（ARI）的常見原因1,3,5

急性呼吸道感染（ARI）的常見原因1,3,5

  • 雖然大多數人是自行緩解的輕症，但在某些病例中 RSV 相關的 ARI 可能造成呼吸道重症1,3,5
  • RSV 相關的 ARI 影響到下呼吸道時，可能會導致細支氣管炎和肺炎1,3,5
Style
semi-circle-container

RSV 和流行性感冒症狀很像，容易搞混1

以下是需要注意 RSV 的高風險族群11-15

嬰幼兒12,13*

RSV 在嬰兒中的死亡率，較流行性感冒來得高12

一項來自美國華盛頓州的研究顯示，門診觀察到之幼童 RSV 發生率是流行性感冒的 3~7 倍13

具有特定危險因子的成人14

免疫不全或罹患 COPD、慢性心衰竭等疾病的成人中，RSV 與流行性感冒有著相似的醫療資源利用率14

在老年人中15†

因 RSV 住院的成人相較於流行性感冒，有較長的住院時間（≥ 7天）和較差的1年存活率15

* 兒童的年齡範圍為 1~4 歲12,13
†根據一項感染 RSV 且年齡 ≥60 歲成人之研究15
如何分辨流行性感冒跟RSV呢？

如何分辨流行性感冒跟 RSV 呢？

可以在這本數位手冊裡獲得更多 RSV 知識。

下載手冊

who

Style
semi-circle-container, circle-text-container

所有年齡層的人

無論年齡，每個人都可能會被 RSV 感染17

許多人沒有症狀或只有輕症，仍具有傳染 RSV 給他人的能力18

學齡兒童可能在不經意間傳染病毒給家庭成員18,19
一般來說，健康的成人會在職場間不知不覺間傳染病毒，或不經意間傳播病毒給他們的幼兒或長輩15,18
醫院工作者可能在不經意間傳播RSV給病人及同事16

有感冒症狀的人，可以採取一些措施以避免散播RSV，像是20：

children-coughs.svg/咳嗽和打噴嚏時掩住口鼻/34/75
咳嗽或打噴嚏時，用衛生紙或衣袖掩住口鼻，而非用手
children-wash.svg/以水和肥皂勤洗手/36/75
經常用水和肥皂洗手 20 秒以上
children-avoid-close.svg/避免和感冒者近距離接觸/78/75
避免和他人近距離接觸（如親吻、握手、共用餐具等）
children-clean.svg/清潔和消毒表面/31/75
頻繁清潔接觸到的表面（如門把和行動裝置）

有些族群處在嚴重後果的風險中21,22

6個月或更小的早產兒22

6個月或更小的早產兒22

患有慢性疾病且小於2歲的兒童22

患有慢性疾病且小於2歲的兒童22

老年人（≥ 65歲）21

老年人（≥ 65歲）21

免疫缺乏者21,22

免疫缺乏者21,22

特定疾病病人，例如慢性心肺疾病21,22

特定疾病病人

what

感染RSV

常見的的症狀

RSV 感染初期多為上呼吸道感染症狀，但可能進展至下呼吸道感染3,5

從類感冒症狀到嚴重呼吸窘迫不等6,14,24,25

（點擊圓點來看看症狀）

鼻塞3,5
流鼻水5
咳嗽3,5
喘鳴1,3
細支氣管炎5,6
肺炎3,22
Style
symptoms-cards-container

插圖僅供示意使用

以下是不同族群的臨床表現症狀：

嬰兒與幼童6,25,26

嬰兒與幼童6,25,26

可能包括6,25,26：

  • 細支氣管炎6
  • 肺炎25
  • 哮吼25
  • 呼吸中止26
  • 上呼吸道感染25

有特定危險因子的成人27,28

有特定危險因子的成人27,28

可能包括27,28：

  • 呼吸衰竭28
  • 長時間住院28
  • 死亡28

年長者3,5

年長者3,5

可能包括3,5,21：

  • 上呼吸道感染3,5
  • 氣喘、COPD和慢性心衰竭的症狀加劇14
  • 肺炎21
引用文獻: 1. Talbot HK, Belongia EA, Walsh EE, Schaffner W. Respiratory syncytial virus in older adults: a hidden annual epidemic. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2016;24(6):295-302. 2. Drysdale SB, Barr RS, Rollier CS, Green CA, Pollard AJ, Sande CJ. Priorities for developing respiratory syncytial virus vaccines in different target populations. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12(535):eaax2466. 3. Walsh EE, Hall CB. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). In Bennett JE, et al, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 2015:1948-1960. 4. Bhat R, Farrag MA, Almajhdi FN. Double-edged role of natural killer cells during RSV infection. Int Rev Immunol. 2020;39(5):233-244. 5. Carvajal JJ, Avellaneda AM, Salazar-Ardiles C, Maya JE, Kalergis AM, Lay MK. Host components contributing to respiratory syncytial virus pathogenesis. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2152. 6. 行政院衛生福利部疾病管制署。長期照護機構呼吸道融合病毒(RSV)感染管制指引。 7. Belongia EA, King JP, Kieke BA, et al. Clinical features, severity, and incidence of RSV illness during 12 consecutive seasons in a community cohort of adults ≥60 years old. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(12):ofy316. 8. Rose EB, Wheatley A, Langley G, Gerber S, Haynes A. Respiratory syncytial virus seasonality – United States, 2014-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(2):71-76. 9. Bueno SM, González PA, Cautivo KM, et al. Protective T cell immunity against respiratory syncytial virus is efficiently induced by recombinant BCG. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2008;105(52):20822-20827. 10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). RSV in infants and young children. In: Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV) [website]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD). Updated December 18, 2020. Accessed August 14, 2022. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/high-risk/infants-young-children.html 11. Zhou H, Thompson WW, Viboud CG, et al. Hospitalizations associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States, 1993-2008. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(10):1427-1436. 12. Hansen CL, Chaves SS, Demont C, Viboud C. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the US, 1999-2018. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(2):e220527. 13. Jackson ML, Scott E, Kupers J, Nalla AK, Roychoudury P, Chu HY. Epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus across five influenza seasons among adults and children one year of age and older – Washington State, 2011/2012-2015/2016. J Infect Dis. 2021;223(1):147-156. 14. Hartnett J, Donga P, Ispas G, et al. Risk factors and medical resource utilization in US adults hospitalized with influenza or respiratory syncytial virus in the Hospitalized Acute Respiratory Tract Infection study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2022;16(5):906-915. 15. Ackerson B, Tseng HF, Sy LS, et al. Severe morbidity and mortality associated with respiratory syncytial virus versus influenza infection in hospitalized older adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69(2):197-203. 16. Hall CB. Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections: the “Cold War” has not ended. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31(2):590-596. 17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). For healthcare providers. In: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) [website]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD). Updated December 18, 2020. Accessed October 4, 2022. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/clinical/index.html 18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). RSV transmission. In: Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV) [website]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD). Updated December 18, 2020. Accessed August 14, 2022. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/transmission.html 19. Goldstein E, Nguyen HH, Liu P, et al. On the relative role of different age groups during epidemics associated with respiratory syncytial virus. J Infect Dis. 2018;217(2):238-244. 20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). RSV prevention. In: Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV) [website]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD). Updated December 18, 2020. Accessed September 7, 2022. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/prevention.html 21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Older adults are at high risk for severe RSV infection. In: Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV) [website]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD). Last updated August 2017. Accessed October 5, 2022. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/factsheet-older-adults.pdf 22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). RSV in infants and young children. Updated October 2020. Accessed December 5, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/downloads/RSV-in-Infants-and-Young-Children.pdf 23. Stephens LM, Varga SM. Considerations for a respiratory syncytial virus vaccine targeting an elderly population. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(6):624. 24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Symptoms and care. In: Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV) [website]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD). Last reviewed September 24, 2021. Accessed September 16, 2022. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/symptoms.html 25. Hall CB. Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(25):1917-1928. 26. Eiland LS. Respiratory syncytial virus: diagnosis, treatment and prevention. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2009;14(2):75-85. 27. Falsey AR, Hennessey PA, Formica MA, Cox C, Walsh EE. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly and high-risk adults. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(17):1749-1759. 28. Lee N, Lui GCY, Wong KT, et al. High morbidity and mortality in adults hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:1069-1077. 29. Simpson MD, Kieke BA Jr, Sundaram ME, et al. Incidence of medically attended respiratory syncytial virus and influenza illnesses in children 6-59 months old during four seasons. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3(2)ofw081. 30. 衛生福利部。難纏的人類呼吸道融合病毒 可望找到治療新解方。 https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-4252-49580-1.html. Accessed date: 2023/9/1 31. Chi H, Huang YC, Liu CC, et al. Characteristics and etiology of hospitalized pediatric community-acquired pneumonia in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2020;119(10):1490-1499. 32. Amand C, Tong S, Kieffer A, Kyaw MH. Healthcare resource use and economic burden attributable to respiratory syncytial virus in the United States: a claims database analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18(1):294.